ASSIGNMENT

1.                  1.  KINDS OF PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word that takes the place of or represents a noun. A pronoun is a small word with a big job. In fact, a pronoun can take the place of an entire noun phrase. In this way, pronouns help us use fewer words and avoid repetition.

Pronoun consist of several kind such as :

A. Personal Pronouns

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:

·         number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)

·         person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)

·         gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)

·         case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

number	person	Gender	personal pronouns
			subject	object
singular	1st	male/ female	I	me
	2nd	male/ female	you	you
	3rd	Male	He	him
		Female	she	her
		Neuter	It	It
plural	1st	male/ female	we	Us
	2nd	male/ female	you	You
	3rd	male/ female/ neuter	they	Them

EXAMPLES :

·         I like coffee.

·         John helped me.

·         He runs fast.

·         She is clever.

·         It doesn't work.

·         We went home.Anthony drove us.

·         Do you need a table for three? /

·         Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?

B. Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrate to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:

• near in distance or time (this, these)
• far in distance or time (that, those)

EXAMPLES :

• This tastes good.
• Have you seen this?
• These are bad times.
• Do you like these?
• That is beautiful.
• Look at that!
• Those were the days!
• Can you see those?

C. Possessive Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:

• number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
• person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
• gender: male (his), female (hers)

number	Person	gender (of "owner")	possessive pronouns
singular	1st	male/ female	mine
	2nd	male/ female	yours
	3rd	Male	His
		Female	Hers
plural	1st	male/ female	Ours
	2nd	male/ female	Yours
	3rd	male/ female/ neuter	Theirs

EXAMPLES :

·         Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one.

·         I like your flowers. Do you like mine?

·         All the essays were good but his was the best.

·         Here is your car. Ours is over there, where we left it.

·         I don't like this family's garden but I like yours.

·         These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have black hair. (subject = Their children)

D. Interrogative Pronouns

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).

There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which

	subject	object
person	who	whom
thing	what
person/ thing	which
person	whose

EXAMPLES :

Question	Answer
Who told you?	John told me.
Whom did you tell?	I told Mary.
What's happened?	An accident's happened.
What do you want?	I want coffee.
Which came first?	The Porsche 911 came first.
Which will the doctor see first?	The doctor will see the patient in blue first.

E. Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive : reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

	reflexive pronoun
singular	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
plural	ourselves yourselves themselves

EXAMPLES :

I saw myself in the mirror.

Why do you blame yourself?

John sent himself a copy.

Mary sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt itself.

We blame ourselves.

Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after themselves.

F. Intensive pronouns

Notice that all the above reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns, but the function and usage are different. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent.

EXAMPLES :

·         The exam itself wasn't difficult, but the exam room was horrible.

·         Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.

·         You yourselves asked us to do it.

·         They recommend this book even though they themselves had never read it. OR They recommend this book even though they had never read it themselves.

G. Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal : given or done in return; [grammar] expressing mutual action

We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words:

• each other
• one another

EXAMPLES :

·         A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say: A and B are talking to each other.

·         John and Mary love each other.

·         The ten prisoners were all blaming one another.

·         Both teams played hard against each other.

·         Why don't you believe each other?

H. Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

• all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

EXAMPLES :

·         He has one job in the day and another at night.

·         I'd like another drink, please.

·         Each of the players has a doctor.

·         Many have expressed their views.

I. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).**

EXAMPLES :

·         The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

·         The car which hit me was yellow

·         The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked

·         Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher

2. THREE TYPES OF UESTIONS

There are three basic question types:

• Yes/No: the answer is "yes or no"
• Question-word: the answer is "information"
• Choice/Altenative: the answer is "in the question"

A. Yes/No questions

·         Sometimes the only answer that we need is yes or no.

EXAMPLES :

·         Are you from Brazil? Answer: Yes, I am / No, I am not

·         Did you meet Andy? Answer: Yes, I did / No, I didn't

·         Was she at home yesterday? Answer: Yes, she was / No, she wasn't

B. Question-word questions

Sometimes we want more than yes or no for an answer. When asking for information, we usually place a question-word at the beginning of the sentence. The question-word indicates the information that we want, for example: where (place), when (time), why (reason), who (person). Special questions are those questions that ask for details.

Special questions are also called Wh-questions as most of them start with "wh". For example: What? Which? When? Where? Why? Whose? Other special questions include: How? How many? How much?

EXAMPLES :

·         Where are you from? Answer: I am from India

·         What are you wearing on your head? Answer: I'm wearing a hat or It's a hat!

·         How much money do you have? Answer: I have only $10.

·         How old are you? Answer: I'm 16.

·         Who's in charge here?

C. Choice/Altenative questions

Sometimes we give our listener a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:

EXAMPLES :

·         Is your car white or black?

What do you drink? Tea or coffee?