Five of Articles

1. Eating out healthily

Eating out usually means that we have little control over how the food is prepared or how large the portion is. Foods eaten out tend to be higher in fat and research has shown that those who eat out regularly generally have higher intakes of fat, salt and calories. Studies have also shown that eating with friends can tempt us to overeat. Meals with multiple courses eaten over longer periods and with alcohol are all associated with overindulgence. Large serving bowls and spoons increase the likelihood of piling more food on your plate than you usually eat.

Unlike packaged food, foods bought from cafes, restaurants etc don't have to carry nutritional information and so opting for the healthiest option might not always be obvious, or easy. However, with some knowledge and thought, eating out can be enjoyable and healthy!

2. How to eliminate Acne Scars using tomatoes

We need tomatoes as much as we need. How to use:
Clean the tomatoes. Cut the tomatoes that have been cleaned into sections. Put the pieces on the face of existing acne scars. Let stand for about 20-30 minutes.
Clean your face with clean water. Perform it routinely 2-3 times a week.

3. Celebrate Life

Age does not lie. It tells you the truth about your endurance in facing situations (either good or bad situations). Now I fully understand that 27 is not "that young", this is the transitional period before entering the next stage of my life, being a 30 years old guy. All actions that I have done during all these years will shape my own future, maybe in the next 5, 10 or even 2 years from now. If there is an action, there must be a reaction and I am quite scared, what kind of reactions that I am going to face of in the next upcoming years (hmm, I am crossing my fingers right now).

It is true that everybody wants to be happy. Happiness is something that we search everyday. But is it true that we have to find that happiness, even the short one? I do not think so. Some people go to a club every week to find for their happiness. Some people use drugs as their "sweet" escape and hope to find their own happiness by using those things. Some people search for sex every week (or every day) to satisfy their sexual needs which they hope can bring a little of happiness to them. Some people travel, looking for something or maybe happiness by visiting a random place. This searching of happiness is very critical in our life and this is something that we do everyday.

I don't want to spend the whole year in my life just for searching for a very short happiness. It is just a waste of time to find something that is not eternal. The clock is ticking, the more you grow older, the less power that you can do in life. I just want to make sure that I make best decisions (as much as I can) during this 20s and those decisions are not based on the argument that "this is only for a short happiness". Seek something that is eternal, not something that is temporary.

4. How to Quit Smoking

To successfully quit smoking, you’ll need to address both the addiction and the habits and routines that go along it. While some smokers successfully quit by going cold turkey, most people do better with a plan to keep themselves on track. A good plan addresses both the short–term challenge of quitting smoking and the long–term challenge of preventing relapse. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. Take the time to think of what kind of smoker you are, which moments of your life call for a cigarette, and why. This will help you to identify which tips, techniques or therapies may be most beneficial for you.

Start your stop smoking plan with START
S = Set a quit date.
T = Tell family, friends, and co-workers that you plan to quit.
A = Anticipate and plan for the challenges you'll face while quitting.
R = Remove cigarettes and other tobacco products from your home, car, and work.
T = Talk to your doctor about getting help to quit.

5. How to make a cup of coffee

The ingredients are black coffee powder, sugar and hocolate powder

How to make :

1. Heat three cups of water on a medium heat
2. If the water is already hot, pour 5 spoons black coffee into the water and stir it until boiling, and then add the chocolate powder sufficiently.
3. Strain the coffee with a soft cloth several times.
4. Prepare a cup and pour the boiling coffee into it.
5. Add sugar according to your taste
6. Stir it gently and a cup of coffee is ready to be served.
7. Serve it with some snacks especially banana fried.

Assignment 3

1. Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them.
Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:
A person who(m)/that, whose
A thing which/that, whose
The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns
The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be  followed by a noun.
Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person.

Who : subject or object pronoun for people.
Which : subject or object pronoun for animals and things and referring to a whole sentence.
Whose : possession for people animals and things.
Whom : object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who).
That : subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).
When (in/on which) : refers to a time expression
Where (in/at which) : refers to a place
Why (for which) : refers to a reason

EXAMPLES :
1. I told you about the woman who lives next door.
2. Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
3. Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
4. I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
5. I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
6. The day when we met him.
7. The place where I went with my family.
8. The reason why she did not come.

2. Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the context.

There are three types of conditional sentences:
1. First Conditional
Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example :
1. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
2. If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.
3. If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
4. If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
5. If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.

2. Second Conditional
Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations. It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example :
1. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
2. If I became president, I would change the social security system.
3. If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching.
4. If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
5. If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

3. Third Conditional
Nature: unreal . It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example :
1. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.
2. If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.
3. If you had called me, I would have come.
4. If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
5. If you had warned me, I would not be in prison.

ASSIGNMENT

1.                  1.  KINDS OF PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word that takes the place of or represents a noun. A pronoun is a small word with a big job. In fact, a pronoun can take the place of an entire noun phrase. In this way, pronouns help us use fewer words and avoid repetition.

Pronoun consist of several kind such as :

A. Personal Pronouns

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:

·         number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)

·         person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)

·         gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)

·         case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

number	person	Gender	personal pronouns
			subject	object
singular	1st	male/ female	I	me
	2nd	male/ female	you	you
	3rd	Male	He	him
		Female	she	her
		Neuter	It	It
plural	1st	male/ female	we	Us
	2nd	male/ female	you	You
	3rd	male/ female/ neuter	they	Them

EXAMPLES :

·         I like coffee.

·         John helped me.

·         He runs fast.

·         She is clever.

·         It doesn't work.

·         We went home.Anthony drove us.

·         Do you need a table for three? /

·         Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?

B. Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrate to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:

• near in distance or time (this, these)
• far in distance or time (that, those)

EXAMPLES :

• This tastes good.
• Have you seen this?
• These are bad times.
• Do you like these?
• That is beautiful.
• Look at that!
• Those were the days!
• Can you see those?

C. Possessive Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:

• number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
• person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
• gender: male (his), female (hers)

number	Person	gender (of "owner")	possessive pronouns
singular	1st	male/ female	mine
	2nd	male/ female	yours
	3rd	Male	His
		Female	Hers
plural	1st	male/ female	Ours
	2nd	male/ female	Yours
	3rd	male/ female/ neuter	Theirs

EXAMPLES :

·         Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one.

·         I like your flowers. Do you like mine?

·         All the essays were good but his was the best.

·         Here is your car. Ours is over there, where we left it.

·         I don't like this family's garden but I like yours.

·         These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have black hair. (subject = Their children)

D. Interrogative Pronouns

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).

There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which

	subject	object
person	who	whom
thing	what
person/ thing	which
person	whose

EXAMPLES :

Question	Answer
Who told you?	John told me.
Whom did you tell?	I told Mary.
What's happened?	An accident's happened.
What do you want?	I want coffee.
Which came first?	The Porsche 911 came first.
Which will the doctor see first?	The doctor will see the patient in blue first.

E. Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive : reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

	reflexive pronoun
singular	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
plural	ourselves yourselves themselves

EXAMPLES :

I saw myself in the mirror.

Why do you blame yourself?

John sent himself a copy.

Mary sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt itself.

We blame ourselves.

Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after themselves.

F. Intensive pronouns

Notice that all the above reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns, but the function and usage are different. An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent.

EXAMPLES :

·         The exam itself wasn't difficult, but the exam room was horrible.

·         Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.

·         You yourselves asked us to do it.

·         They recommend this book even though they themselves had never read it. OR They recommend this book even though they had never read it themselves.

G. Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal : given or done in return; [grammar] expressing mutual action

We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words:

• each other
• one another

EXAMPLES :

·         A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say: A and B are talking to each other.

·         John and Mary love each other.

·         The ten prisoners were all blaming one another.

·         Both teams played hard against each other.

·         Why don't you believe each other?

H. Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

• all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

EXAMPLES :

·         He has one job in the day and another at night.

·         I'd like another drink, please.

·         Each of the players has a doctor.

·         Many have expressed their views.

I. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).**

EXAMPLES :

·         The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

·         The car which hit me was yellow

·         The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked

·         Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher

2. THREE TYPES OF UESTIONS

There are three basic question types:

• Yes/No: the answer is "yes or no"
• Question-word: the answer is "information"
• Choice/Altenative: the answer is "in the question"

A. Yes/No questions

·         Sometimes the only answer that we need is yes or no.

EXAMPLES :

·         Are you from Brazil? Answer: Yes, I am / No, I am not

·         Did you meet Andy? Answer: Yes, I did / No, I didn't

·         Was she at home yesterday? Answer: Yes, she was / No, she wasn't

B. Question-word questions

Sometimes we want more than yes or no for an answer. When asking for information, we usually place a question-word at the beginning of the sentence. The question-word indicates the information that we want, for example: where (place), when (time), why (reason), who (person). Special questions are those questions that ask for details.

Special questions are also called Wh-questions as most of them start with "wh". For example: What? Which? When? Where? Why? Whose? Other special questions include: How? How many? How much?

EXAMPLES :

·         Where are you from? Answer: I am from India

·         What are you wearing on your head? Answer: I'm wearing a hat or It's a hat!

·         How much money do you have? Answer: I have only $10.

·         How old are you? Answer: I'm 16.

·         Who's in charge here?

C. Choice/Altenative questions

Sometimes we give our listener a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:

EXAMPLES :

·         Is your car white or black?

What do you drink? Tea or coffee?